Environmental and Planning Law
Introduction
WHAT IS LAW / REGULATIONS / GUIDELINES?
They are mechanism used by the government or the authorities to implement and authorise policies that are formulated for the purpose of developing the nation - physically, socially, economically and politically.
WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AND PLANNING LAW?
The landscape profession is directly involved with the natural resources management and is closely related to the planning profession.
There is presently no laws governing the landscape profession....
Definition of Planning
A CONTROL OVER THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN AREA ENCOMPASSES THE PHYSICAL PLANNING, THE LANDUSE AND ENVIRONMENT– FOR THE PEOPLE AND THEIR NEEDS
IT IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS TO ACHIEVE THE COMMUNITY’S ASPIRATION; CONCLUDING IT THROUGH DISCUSSION, PROVISION OF POLICY AND GUIDELINES, ACTION BASED ON NEEDS, A CONTINUOUS STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF THE POLICY AND GUIDELINES USED; AND TRIALS WHEN IT IS NECESSSARY.
THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SITING OF BUILDINGS, LANDUSE TO ACHIEVE ECONOMIC BENEFITS, COMFORT AND AESTHETIC VALUE.
Definition of Act 172
AN ACT TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE CONTROL AND GUIDELINE FOR THE TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING IN A LOCAL AUTHORITY AREA (WITHIN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA)
IMPORTANT ASPECTS :
1) IDENTIFICATION OF MAIN AREAS TO BE DEVELOPED EITHER THROUGH REDEVELOPMENT OR UPGRADING OF EXISTING AREA (DEVT. PLANS)
2) PLANNING CONTROL–PLANNING PERMISSION,DEVELOPMENT CHARGES, T.P.O ETC
3) LAPORAN CADANGAN PEMBANGUNAN
Historical background of Act 172
The town planning activities in peninsular Malaysia existed since 1801 with the establishment of ‘Committee of Assessors’ in Georgetown, Pulau Pinang.
This is designed more towards the services of the local government and building control.
Various new regulations and guidelines were introduced especially for the public interest - these was to control and direct the physical development
The Town Planning was first gazette in the peninsular Malaysia in 1917 – ‘Town Improvement Enactment’. Under this enactment , individual owner has to share and be responsible in providing public services
Historical background of Act 172
- In 1923 and ‘Town Planning Enactment’ was introduced. The Town Board (Lembaga Bandaran) was given 2 authority :-
1. The authority to prepare a town plan for its territory (seksyen 135 )
2. The authority to gazette the town plan (section 145) ,
- After independence, there is a rapid social, physical and economic development taking place; the community is beginning to be aware of the importance of a healthy and planned environment.
- The town plan that is prepared under ‘Town Planning Enactment’ 1927 no longer fulfills the dynamic nature of planning (current and future) .
- In the late 1960’s, a study on the existing statutory system for town and country planning activities was carried out.
- As a result, Akta Perancangan Bandar & Desa 1976 (Akta 172) was gazette on 25 Mac 1976.
Background of Act 172
Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172)
Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa (Akta 172)
- Modeled closely on the British system of structure & local plan
- TCPA 1976 is the principle statute regulating matters related to town and country planning in the local authority area in the peninsular Malaysia (federal law)
- In general, main contents of TCPA 1976 are basis for statutory planning (development plans), development control (planning permissions)
- TCPA 1976 was amended three (3) times :
1) A866 - Perancang bandar Desa (Pindaan) Akta 1993
2) A933 - Perancang bandar Desa (Pindaan) Akta 1995
3) A1129 - Perancang bandar Desa (Pindaan) Akta 2001
Background of Act 172
PART I – PRELIMINARY
PART II – POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION
PART III – DEVELOPMENT PLANS
PART IV – PLANNING CONTROL
PART V – DEVELOPMENT CHARGE
PART VI – THE APPEAL BOARD
PART VII – PURCHASE NOTICE AND ACQUISITION OF LAND
PART VIII – DEVELOPMENT AREAS
PART IX – MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Importance of Act 172
1) Basis for statutory planning
• through the preparation of development plans (eg : Structure and Local Plans)
2) Basis for planning control
• Part IV Act 172 consist of several provisions that act as a Legal Basis to control the physical development (urban planning)
• The use of land or building must be “according to local plan” s.18(1)
• Planning permission must be obtained before any development can be carried out s.19(1)
• The development must be according to the planning permission s.20
3) Basis to regulate private and public planning
• Provision of development plans and planning permission procedure
Importance of Act 172 – statutory planning
Provision in PART III – Development Plan
- requirement for Local Authority to produce a development plan for their area
- some of the aspects indicated :-
1) Survey of planning area
2) Preparation of drafts
3) Publicity in connection with the drafts
4) Inquiries and hearings of the drafts – public participation
Importance of Act 172 – planning control
Planning Control – Planning Permission
(Kebenaran Merancang)
i) Seksyen 19(1) Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa, 1976 (Akta 172) - Keperluan Kebenaran Merancang;
ii) Seksyen 21A dan 21B Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa, 1976 (Akta 172) yang menghendaki sesuatu Permohonan Kebenaran Merancang disertakan dengan suatu Laporan Cadangan Pemajuan; dan
iii) Kaedah 2(1) Kaedah-Kaedah Pengawalan Perancangan (Am) 1995 -
Borang-borang yang digunapakai dalam mengemukakan Permohonan Kebenaran Merancang (selepas ini disebut KKPP(Am) 1995). Bagi projek-projek berjadual, ianya perlu dirujuk kepada Kerajaan Persekutuan khususnya Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa (Ibu Pejabat) untuk ulasan dan perakuan terlebih dahulu sebelum diberi kebenaran merancang.
Importance of Act 172 – regulate private& public planning
PUBLIC PLANNING
- carried out by the authorities – local authorities etc
- Concern with protecting the public interest
- E.g : provision of public spaces, utilities and facilities
- Non-profit oriented
PRIVATE PLANNING
- Carried out by the private sectors – developers
- concern with financial returns – developing what are in demand
- profit-oriented
HOW ?
- Act 172 requires the preparation of development plans to facilitate the physical development
- Of an area
- Act 172 requires planning permission, LCP etc
- The proposals are to follow the zoning and guidelines in the development plans
The amendments
A933 Town and Country Planning Act (Amendment) Act 1995
• broaden the content of Local plans and layout plans (A)
• introduction of Laporan Cadangan Pemajuan (B)
• tree preservation order
Additional Elements in the Local Plan (A)
• to protect and beautify the physical environment
• to conserve the natural topography
• to beautify the landscape
• to conserve and plant trees
• provision of sufficient open space
• to conserve and beautify the building façade and characteristic
Laporan Cadangan Pemajuan (B)
• requirement to include landscape plan
• requirement to include inventory on existing trees on site that are potentially affected by the development
Amendments A933 - LCP
Seksyen 21A(1) Akta 172 mensyaratkan iaitu LCP mesti mempunyai perkara-perkara berikut :
1) Konsep dan justifikasi pemajuan
2) Pelan lokasi, pelan kunci dan pelan tapak
3) Butir hakmilik tanah dan sekatan keatas tanah
• Perihak tanah, termasuklah alam sekitarnya dari segi fizikal topografinya, landskapnya, geologinya, konturnya, salirannya, air dan bentuk-bentuk semulajadi diatasnya yang berkemungkinan disentuh oleh pemajuan itu.
• Hasil tinjauan pokok-pokok dan semua jenis tumbuhan yang berkemungkinan disentuh oleh pemajuan itu
a. Butir-butir bangunan yang berkemungkinan disentuh oleh pemajuan itu
b. Analisis gunatanh dan kesannya terhadap tanah yang berdampingan
4) Apa-apa perkara lain yang ditetapkan oleh Pihak Berkuasa Perancang
Amendments A933 - LCP
What is LCP ?
1) Used by Local Planning Authority to assess planning application
2) Used by other authorities to assess the impact of the development
3) 5 types of LCP :
• LCP 1 – Ubah jenis kegunaan tanah
• LCP 2 – Pelan susunatur
• LCP 3 – Pendirian bangunan
• LCP 4 – Ubah jenis kegunaan bangunan
• LCP 5 – Pecah bahagian dan cantuman lot
Amendments A933 - LCP
PROCEDURE :
- prepared by qualified planner (MIP)
- Submitted to local authority, JBPD, PTD or PTG
5 Concept Integrated In The Process Of Decision Making :-
1) Site analysis
2) Kawasan sensitif alam sekitar
3) Enviromental Impact Assessment (EIA)
4) Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA)
5) Social Impact Assessment (SIA)
Amendments A933 – tree preservation order (bhg VA)
INTRODUCTION
Give the responsibility to the Local Planning Authority to conserve and protect trees in its locality s.35A gives the authority power to the local authority to give out a tree preservation order to control The felling of trees that is endangered or with special value
S.35H gives special protection for matured trees (diameter over 0.8 meter) . These trees are not to be felled unless given permission by the local authority. The authority can also give conditions that any trees cut/felled to be replant.
Amendments A933 – tree preservation order (bhg VA)
Sek. 35A :
PBPT boleh membuat suatu perintah pemeliharaan pokok. Sesiapa yg melanggar mana-mana peruntukan adalah melakukan kesalahan dan boleh didenda tidak lebih RM50,000/-
Sek. 35C :
Rayuan terhadap perintah pemeliharaan pokok boleh dibuat oleh mereka yg terkilan dengannya kepada Lembaga Rayuan dlm masa 1 bulan dari tarikh diberi perintah
Sek 35D :
Jika pemunya tanah mengalami kerugian berupa susut nilai tanah, dia boleh menuntut Pampasan dari PBPT dlm masa 6 bulan dari tarikh perintah itu. Jika ia tidak berpuashati, Dengan amaun pampasan, dlm masa 1 bulan ia boleh merayu ke Lembaga Rayuan
Sek. 3E :
Mereka yg bersalah di bawah Sek. 35A(4), adalah berkewajipan menggantikan pokok. Jika Tidak, ia boleh didenda tidak lebih RM50,000
Sek 35F :
PBPT boleh menggantikan pokok juka orang yg berkewajipan tidak melakukannya tetapi kesemua kos dan perbelanjaan perlu dibayar oleh orang berkenaan
Sek. 35G :
PBPT boleh meminda dan membatalkan suatu perintah pemeliharaan pokok atas sebab Sebab tertentu
Sek. 35H :
Larangan/tidak seorang boleh menebang pokok yang lilitannya melebihi 0.8 meter tanpa Kebenaran bertulis PBPT. Sesiapa yg melanggar boleh didenda tidak lebih RM5,000/- bagi sebatang pokok.
The tree preservation order (Bhg VA s.35A)
TREE PRESERVATION ORDER
List of trees to be preserved and protected are as in LIST 1 (below).
For standardisation, the list of species to be preserved and protected must be based on the Provided list and certified and given out by a technical committee (JLN, Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia, Jabatan Pertanian, Jabatan Perhutanan dan Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Wilayah).
The list will be forwarded to the State Planning Committee to be resented for approval to be implemented in the particular state
The local authority can propose additional species from time to time
The TPO is not applicable to felling of a tree:-
1) Which is dying or dead
2) For the prevention of an imminent danger; or
3) If it is to comply with any written law
The Tree Preservation Order – LIST 1
NILAI TERSENDIRI :
pokok dari spesis yang mempunyai keindahan semulajadi @ nilai tempatan @ sumbangan Estetika terhadap landskap atau sebagai penghadang fizikal @ kawasan pembangunan akan datang & nilai sejarah
NILAI SEJARAH
Spesis pokok yang ditanam melebihi 30 tahun dan ada kaitan dengan nilai sejarah kawasan
TANAMAN KENAMAAN
ditanam oleh pemimpin negara dan orang kenamaan sempena sesuatu upacara berkepentingan Negara
POKOK DALAM KAWASAN PERLINDUNGAN
semua pokok yg ditakrifkan dalam undang-undnag bertulis lain dan pokok yg terletak dalam Kawasan yang diisytihar kawasan hutan simpan, tadahan air, kawasan pemeliharaan bukit dll
RARE :
spesis pokok yg jarang ditemui Jumlah masih banyak
ENDEMIC :
Spesis pokok yang HANYA di dapati tumbuh di tempat tertentu (kesesuaian iklim, ekologi setempat, keadaan mukabumi dan komposisi tanah yang sesuai
ENDANGERED :
Spesis pokok yang sukar ditemui dan sikit bilangannya. Jika tidak dilindungi besar kemungkinan ia akan pupus
The Tree Preservation Order (Bhg VA s.35A)
PROCEDURE TO PRODUCE TPO
1) Inventory by the local authority on trees in its locality
2) Local authority to inform in writings to the land owner whose lands are affected – and to exhibit the location of the trees in their office
3) If the land is rented out, the local authority is to inform the occupant
4) The notice must be paste on places that can be easily seen if it can’t be given by hand or post
The allowed order – prohibiting any trees from being felled except with permission from Authority and requirement to replace any tree or group of trees
As a guide, the local authority is discourage to give out TPO on :
• Commercial trees
• Fruit trees
• Utilities
The tree preservation order (Bhg VA s.35A)
REPLACEMENT OF TREES
Is the duty of the person who is found guilty and in contravention of a tree
preservation Order for felling any tree in respect of which a tree preservation order is for the time being in force, to replace such tree by planting another tree, as specified by the local Authority
Conditions on Replacing Tree
The local planning authority can specify the following conditions in respect of a Replacement tree :-
1) Of an appropriate size and species
2) At or near the same place or such other place
3) Within the time
4) Subject to such terms and conditions
However, the local planning authority has discretion either on its own or on the application Of any other person to dispense with this requirement. The time specified by the local Planning authority for the replacement of any tree can be extended once the application of The person who has been imposed with the duty to replace the trees.
Amendments A1129
A1129 - Town and Country Planning Act (Amendment) Act 2001
MAIN CONTENT :
1) The formation of MPFN (Majlis Perancang Fizikal Negara)
Acting as a forum for the federal and state government to discuss matters related to town and Country planning
2) The requirement for RFN (Rancangan Fizikal Negara)
RFN is a written statement that summaries the strategic policies to determine the direction of the nation’s physical development
Amendments A1129
• Pindaan untuk memperkukuhkan perkhidmatan perancangan bandar dan desa serta sistem perancangan Fizikal negara melalui keseimbangan kuasa kerajaan persekutuan dan negeri
• Untuk tangani isu ketidakstabilan sektor hartanah dan krisis pembangunan hartanah Berlebihan yang terbit daripada pembangunan yang tidak dirancang dan dikawal
• Masalah lebih teruk kerana prosedur perundangan dan pentadbiran tidak memberi kuasa Kepada kerajaan persekutuan untuk campurtangan dalam hal-hal perancangan diperingkat Negeri.
2 perkara terpenting :-
Penubuhan MPFN (Majlis Perancang Fizikal Negara) yang bertindak sebagai satu forum diskusi di peringkat persekutuan untuk membolehkan kerajaan persekutuan dan negeri
Membincangkan hal berkenaan perancangan bandar dan desa.
A) Fungsi MPFN
• Menyelaraskan aktiviti perancangan dan pembangunan di peringkat persekutuan
• Memastikan aktiviti perancangan adalah berdasarkan permintaan pasaran sebenar
• Penggunaan sumber secara mampan untuk mencapai pembangunan yang seimbang yang meminimakan kesan terhadap alam sekitar
B) Penyediaan Rancangan Fizikal Negara
• dibawah tanggungjawab Ketua Pengarah JPBD Semenanjung Malaysia
• proses rundingan dengan setiap pihak berkuasa negeri dan lain-lain pihak berkuasa atau badan-badan yang diarahkan oleh MPFN semasa menyediakan dan menentukan isikandungan RFN
• RFN adalah suatu pernyataan bertulis yang merumuskan dasar-dasar strategik bagi menentukan haluan dan arah aliran am pemajuan fizikal negara
• Fungsi RFN – menterjemah, merasional dan menyelaras dasar-dasar dan strategi pembangunan sosio-ekonomi dan sektoral negara ke dalam dimensi spatial
• RFN diintegrasi di dalam Rancangan 5 Tahun Malaysia (kajian setiap 5 tahun)
** perkara penting dalam pindaan ini adalah penyediaan Rancangan Struktur peringkat negeri dan Rancangan Tempatan diperingkat pihak berkuasa tempatan
Objektif RFN :
1) Memudahcara pewujudan struktur spatial dan infrastrultur yang efisien untuk meningkatkan daya saing Negara
2) Mengoptimumkan penggunaan tanah dan sumber-sumber untuk pembangunan mampan
3) Menggalakkan pembangunan wilayah yang seimbang untuk mencapai perpaduan negara (national unity)
4) Mewujudkan ruang yang berkualiti dan pelbagai (spatial quality and diversity) untuk meningkat kualiti hidup
Laws in urban conservation
Urban conservation is a relatively new phenomenon in Malaysia. Hence, it is imperative that regulations and laws pertaining to urban conservation be considered seriously by the authorities concerned. There are presently six acts and enactments related to urban conservation in Malaysia.
1) The Antiquities Act 1974
2) Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172);
3) Federal Territory Act 1982 (Act 267);
4) Urban Development Corporation Act 1971 (Act 46);
5) The Malacca Enactment No. 6 1988;
6) The Johore Enactment No. 7 1988.
These acts and enactments are largely focused on the conservation of buildings, monuments and landscape per se. However, none or little provision is made on the important aspects of urban conservation.
Conclusion (Some Issues)
INTEGRITY OF THE PROFESSION
• A profession must have an applied system or process that can be used as guide and framework to create uniformity/standard – in order to control the quality and integrity of the profession
STATUTORY FRAMEWORK
• Overlapping of interest/authority
IMPLEMENTATION:
- birocratic
- political interest
- Monitoring process
- Manpower, financial constraints
- Awareness (public, authority)
ENVIRONMENT RELATED LEGISLATION IN MALAYSIA
LEGISLATION AND TIME OF ENACTMENT
1. Water Enactment, Chapter 146, 1920
2. Mining Enactment, Chapter 147, 1929
3. Mining Rules, GN.2426,1934
4. Forest Enactment, Chapter 153, 1935
5. Natural Resources Ordinance, 1949
6. Poisons Ordinance, 1952
7. Merchant Shipping Ordinance, 1952
8. Sale of food and Drugs Ordinance, 1952
9. Dangerous drugs ordinance, No. 30, 1952
10. Federation Port Rules, 1953
11. Irrigation Areas Ordinance, No. 31, 1953
12. Drainage Worked Ordinance, No. 1, 1954.
13. Medicine (Sales and Advertisement) Ordinance , No. 10, 1956
14. Explosive Ordinance, 1957
15. The Road traffic ordinance, 1958
16. Land Conservation Act, Act 3, 1960
17. National Land Code, Act 56 & PP 474. 1965
18. Housing Development Act (licensing and control), 1965
19. Radioactive substances act, act 17, 1968
20. Civil Aviation Act, act 3, 1969
21. Malaria Eradication act, act 52, 1971
22. Continental Shelf Act, 1966, Act 83 (revised), 1972
23. Petroleum mining act, act 95, 1972
24. City of Kuala Lumpur (Planning) act, act 107, 1973
25. Environmental Quality Act, Act 127, 1974
26. Geological Survey Act, Act 129, 1974
27. Street, Drainage and Building Act, Act 133, 1974
28. Aboriginal Peoples Act, 1954, Act 134 (Revised), 1974
29. Factories and Machinery Act, 1967, Act 139 9Revised) 1972
30. Pesticides Act, Act 149, 1974
31. Destruction of Disease-Bearing Insects Act, Act 154, 1975
32. Municipal and Town Boards (Amendment) Act, Act A289, 1975
33. The protection of Wildlife Act, Act 76, 1972 (Revised), 1976
34. Antiquities Act, Act 168, 1976
35. Local Government Act, Act 171, 1976
36. Town and Country Planning Act, Act 172, 1976
37. National Parks Act, Act 226,1980
38. Malaysian Highway Authority Act, Act 231, 1980
39. Pig Rearing Enactment, 1980
40. Atomic Energy Licensing Act, Act 304, 1984
41. Exclusive Economic Zone Act, Act 311, 1984
42. National Forestry Act, Act 313, 1984
43. Fisheries Act , 1963, Act 317, 1985
44. Sewerage services act, Act 508, 1993
45. Merchant shipping oil (oil pollution) Act, Act 515, 1994
46. Mineral Development Act, Act 525, 1994
UNDER FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITY (includes) :
1. development of mineral resources
2. marine and estuarine fisheries
3. pest control
4. medicine
5. water supplies
6. industrial and infrastructural activities
NOTE :
Federal government has the right to practice Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA) and the Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 1985 through the Department of Environment (DOE)
UNDER STATE RESPONSIBILITY (includes) :
1. Basic resource management (land and water)
2. land
3. local authority areas
4. agriculture and forestry
5. water resources
6. riverine fisheries
7. ports and harbours (Sabah and Sarawak)
SHARED RESPONSIBILITY :
1. Wildlife
2. town and country planning
3. public health
4. rehabilitation of eroded and mines land
5. drainage and irrigation
NOTE :
The local governments may share some responsibilities with the state such as land use planning while exercising their power on other environmental-related matter.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974 (Act 127)
An act relating to prevention, abatement, control of pollution and enhancement of environment, and for purposes connected therewith.
PART I – PRELIMINARY
- The act shall apply to the whole of Malaysia
- Interpretation
PART II – ADMINISTRATION
- The Director General and other officers
PART III – LICENSING
PART IV – PROHIBITION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION
- Prescribed premises to be licensed
- Requirement and approval of plans
- Power to specify condition of emission, discharge etc
- Restriction on pollution of the atmosphere, noise pollution, inland water, discharges of oil …
- Prohibition on open burning
- EIA report
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